Propuesta de Diplomado sobre Ética para la preparación metodológica de los docentes / Proposal for a diploma in ethics for the methodological training of the teacher staff

Fundamento: el tema de la Ética ocupa un lugar importante en la preparación de los docentes de los diferentes niveles de educación. Objetivo: diseñar una propuesta de diplomado en el contenido de Ética. Métodos: se realizó una investigación en la Filial de Ciencias Médicas "Lidia Doce Sánchez" de Sagua la Grande, en el período comprendido de 2008 a 2009. El universo estuvo constituido por 90 docentes y la muestra por 45. Se utilizaron los métodos: del nivel teórico: análisis y síntesis e inductivo deductivo para los referentes teóricos del tema y su estado actual en el tratamiento de la literatura consultada, y para determinar sus conceptos esenciales; y empíricos: análisis documental, observación y la encuesta. Se procesaron los datos a través de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: la superación postgraduada de los docentes de la salud no ofrece la preparación específica en la ética, requiere de alternativas que se correspondan con las necesidades manifestadas en la preparación metodológica, sobre el tema. Se diseñó una propuesta de diplomado y se sometió al criterio de 30 especialistas los cuales lo valoraron como adecuado y pertinente. Consideraron los temas incluidos como muy importantes y los caracterizaron como flexibles y dinámicos. Conclusiones: la superación postgraduada de los docentes de la salud no ofrece la preparación específica en la ética, por lo que el Diplomado propuesto se sustenta en presupuestos seleccionados con el fin de perfeccionar la labor educativa y su tratamiento en las universidades médicas.

Background: the theme of Ethics plays an important role in the training of teachers for the different levels of education. Objective: designing a proposal of Diploma course on Ethics. Methods: a research project was done at the "Lidia Doce Sánchez" Medical Sciences Branch in Sagua la Grande, Villa Clara, in the 2008-2009 academic year, with the purpose of designing a proposal of Diploma on Ethics. The universe was composed of 90 teachers, and the sample taken was 45. The methods used were, from the theoretical level: analysis-synthesis and inductive-deductive, applied for the theoretical aspects of the theme and their current status in the literature that was consulted, and to determine its essential concepts; and the empirical methods applied were documentary analysis, observation and survey. The data was processed through descriptive statistics. Results: the postgraduate upgrading of teachers from the field of Health does not offer a specific training in the field of Ethics, and it requires of alternatives that match with the needs about this theme that were demonstrated in the methodological training. A proposal of Diploma was designed, and it was discussed by 30 specialists, who considered it as adequate and pertinent. They considered the topics included as very important, and characterized them as flexible and dynamic. Conclusions: the postgraduate upgrading of teachers from the field of Health does not provide them a specific training in Ethics. Therefore, the proposed Diploma is based on assumptions that were selected with the purpose of improving the educational work of this teacher staff, and its application in medical universities.

Estrés oxidativo en los músculos soleo y extensor digitorum longus (EDL) de ratas espontáneamente hipertensas / Oxidative stress in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Las enfermedades sistémicas crónicas afectan el músculo esquelético, siendo la inflamación y el estrés oxidativo algunos de los mecanismos involucrados. El efecto de la hipertensión arterial esencial sobre el músculo esquelético no es bien conocido. Se estudiaron los músculos soleo y extensor digitorum longus (EDL) de ratas espontáneamente hipertensas (SHR), comparadas con las controles normotensas Wistar Kyoto (WKY). Se determinaron los niveles de nitritos y nitratos en µmoles/mg-proteína; las sintasas del óxido nítrico: endotelial (eNOS); neuronal (nNOS); e inducible (iNOS), nitrotirosina y el factor de necrosis tumoral-alfa (TNF-α) en ng/mg-proteína. En las SHR, en el soleo y el EDL respectivamente, se incrementó la nitrotirosina (24,4 ± 5,0 vs. 3,3 ± 0,3, p<0,001; 20,2 ± 4,3 vs. 4,5 ± 0,4, p<0,0037), iNOS (26,6 ± 3,7 vs. 8,3 ± 0,9; 21,3 ± 3,7 vs. 11,0 ± 0,8 ambos p<0,0001), y TNF-α (2,2 ± 0,5 vs. 0,6 ± 0,1, p<0,05; 1,9 ± 0,2 vs. 0,6 ± 0,1, p<0,02); hubo disminución de eNOS en el soleo (20,6 ± 1,4 vs. 30,3 ± 1,2, p<0,00001); de nNOS (soleo 16,8 ± 1,4 vs. 20,7 ± 1,8, p< 0,05; EDL 13,6 ± 1,3 vs. 21,9 ± 1,8, p<0,005) y de nitrito en el EDL (5,8 ± 0,3 vs. 7,1 ± 0,5, p<0,026). En las SHR se observó correlación positiva entre TNF-α vs. nitrotirosina: soleo (r=0,798; p<0,031) y tendencia en EDL (r=0,739; p<0,057); iNOS vs. nitrotirosina (soleo: r=0,908 p<0,0001; EDL: r=0,707; p=0,01), tendencia entre TNF-α vs. iNOS en EDL (r=0,736; p=0,059); y correlación negativa entre eNOS vs. nitrotirosina en soleo (r=-0,816; p=0,0012). En conclusión, las SHR presentan un proceso inflamatorio muscular, evidenciado por el incremento de TNF-α, nitrotirosina, e iNOS. La disminución de las sintasas constitutivas, con incremento de la iNOS es evidencia de la disfunción endotelial.

Systemic diseases affect skeletal muscle, and inflammation and oxidative stress are some of the involved mechanisms. There is scarce information about the effects of essential hypertension on skeletal muscle. The soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied compared to control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. The levels of nitrite and nitrate in µmol/mg-protein; endothelial (eNOS), neuronal (nNOS), and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthases, nitrotyrosine and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in ng/mg-protein were determined. Compared with controls, the SHR showed increased levels of nitrotyrosine (soleus 24.4 ± 5.0 vs. 3.3±0.3, p<0.001; EDL 20.2 ± 4.3 vs. 4.5 ± 0.4, p<0.0037), iNOS (soleus 26.6 ± 3.7 vs. 8.3 ± 0.9; EDL 21.3 ± 3.7 vs. 11.0 ± 0.8, both p<0.0001) and TNF-α (soleus 2.2 ± 0.5 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1, p<0.05; EDL 1.9 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1, p<0.02). A decrease of eNOS was found in soleus muscle (20.6 ± 1.4 vs. 30.3 ± 1.2, p<0.00001); of nNOS (soleus 16.8 ± 1.4 vs. 20.7 ± 1.8, p< 0.05; EDL 13.6 ± 1.3 vs. 21.9 ± 1.8, p<0.005) and nitrite in EDL (5.8 ± 0.3 vs. 7.1 ± 0.5, p<0.026).There was a positive correlation between TNF-α vs. nitrotyrosine in soleus (r=0.798; p<0.031) and a tendency in EDL (r=0.739; p=0.059); iNOS vs. nitrotyrosine (soleus: r=0.908; p<0.0001; EDL: r=0.707; p<0.01), a tendency between TNF-α and iNOS (EDL: r=0.736; p<0.059); and a negative correlation between eNOS vs. nitrotyrosine in soleus muscle (r=-0.816; p<0.0012). In conclusion, in skeletal muscles of SHR an inflammatory process was found evidenced by the increase in TNF-α, nitrotyrosine and iNOS. The decreased levels of constitutive synthases, together with the higher level of iNOS, are indicative of endothelial dysfunction.

Evolución histórica y logros de la gerencia sectorial de registro y control del Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel / Historical evolution and achievements of the management sector of registration and control of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene Rafael Rangel

Reseñar la historia de la Gerencia Sectorial de Registro y Control, es hablar de la evolución del registro y control de Productos de uso y consumo humano en el país y recordar principalmente, las actividades de la División de Control y sus unidades adscritas, dedicadas a evaluar la calidad de los medicamentos, alimentos y cosméticos que se comercializaban en el país. Para llevar a cabo esta actividad, la División de Control contaba con Departamentos de Química, Microbiología y Farmacología, que posteriormente fueron especializándose por tipo de producto, hasta dar origen a la División de Control de Alimentos, División de Control de Medicamentos y Cosméticos y División de Control Nacional de Productos Biológicos, adscritas a la Gerencia Sectorial de Registro y Control desde 1993. Hoy en día, esta Gerencia es parte fundamental del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria y efectúa más de ochenta mil análisis anuales, para asegurar la calidad de los productos de uso y consumo humano que se comercializan en el país. Además, lleva a cabo un proceso de automatización y simplificación de procesos, a fin de optimizar el servicio prestado, con tecnología de vanguardia.

To outline the history of the Management of Control and Registry is to talk about the evolution of registration and control of products for use and human consumption in the country, and to remember mainly, the activities of the control´s Division and its attached units, dedicated to assessing the quality of medicines, foods and cosmetics that are marketed in the country. To carry out this activity, the Division of Control had differents departments: chemistry, microbiology and pharmacology, which were subsequently specializing in type of products, to give rise to the Food Control Division, Drugs and Cosmetic Control Division and National Biological Products Control Division, attached to the Management of Control and Registrar´s Office since 1993. Today, this management is a fundamental part of the National System of health monitoring and carry out more than 80,000 analysis annually, to ensure product quality of use and human consumption that are marketed in the country. In addition, is being carried out, a process of automation and simplifying processes in order to optimize the service, with forefront technology.

A comparison on alkalinization induced effect on lidocaine anesthetic activity

Since some anesthesiologists have reported side effects with the use of lidocaine in our country, we have made a pharmacological evaluation to define the anesthetic activity of lidocaine. The pharmacological evaluation was made in guinea pigs, by the method of Bulbring and Wajda. For the statistical analysis of the different treatments. Analysis of variance was used, as well as, the theorem of fieller for the potency of lidocaine. The AC50 of comercial 2 percent lidocaine alkalinizated with 10 percent sodium hydroxyde was higher than that alkalinizated with 5 percent sodium bicarbonate and the standard USP (p-<0,05) we have also evaluated the potency for commercial 2 percent lidocaine alkalinizated with 10 percent sodium hydroxyde belw 60 percent. pH of the studied solutions and the adjusted-pH agent were detemined, and we concluded that adjusted-pH agent was a determining factor in the anesthetic potency of lidocaine